The History of Clothing

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Sub-Saharan African Clothing History

Explore sub-Saharan African clothing and textiles across six periods, including medieval West Africa, Mali Empire dress, weaving, and modern styles.

Explore clothing in sub-Saharan Africa across six periods. These surveys cover selected traditions across a large and diverse region; no single garment represents the continent. Use the period guides for context and the Mali Empire article for a closer view of medieval West Africa. Egypt and other North African societies appear in the Middle East and North Africa collection.

Start with medieval African clothing and the Mali Empire, or follow the nineteenth-century and modern surveys for later textile and dress traditions.

Sources: Blanket Fragment, Tellem civilization; Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354; Dashiki.

Follow Sub-Saharan Africa on the clothing history timeline →

Sub-Saharan Africa through time

Prehistoric Sub-Saharan African Clothing Before 3000 BCE In Sub-Saharan Africa, on the continent where the oldest evidence of clothing has been found, prehistoric communities left bone tools, plant fibers, and some of the earliest known beads, while the antiquity of bark cloth remains uncertain. Ancient Sub-Saharan African Clothing 3000 BCE - 500 CE Explore evidence for dress and adornment in ancient sub-Saharan Africa: Nok sculpture, Meroitic cotton textiles, and the limits of using later barkcloth and raffia traditions. Medieval Sub-Saharan African Clothing 500 - 1500 CE From the early strip-woven cotton of the West African savanna to the textile trade of the Swahili coast and the Zimbabwe plateau, medieval Sub-Saharan Africa developed rich textile traditions shaped by local innovation and far-reaching trade networks. Early Modern Sub-Saharan African Clothing 1500 - 1800 From the silk kente of the Asante court to the coral-beaded regalia of Benin, early modern African textile traditions reflected sophisticated statecraft, thriving trade networks, and extraordinary artistic ingenuity. 19th Century Sub-Saharan African Clothing 1800 - 1900 Colonial expansion and global trade introduced new textiles to Africa while indigenous dress traditions persisted, adapted, and sometimes fused with imported materials in creative ways. Modern Sub-Saharan African Clothing 1900 - Present From vibrant ankara prints to the global rise of African Fashion Weeks, modern Sub-Saharan African clothing has become one of the most dynamic and influential forces in contemporary fashion.

Garments, cultures, and traditions